Complete Spanish

Track 76

1. hay, for "there is" and "there are" Rule

Most languages have a separate verb for this. English builds it out of there plus is or are. Spanish has hay, which comes from haber.

hay = there is, and there are

For once English changes and Spanish does not: hay covers both singular and plural.

hay
there is, there are
había
there was, there were
alguien
somebody

Resist the temptation to say "habían" for there were. It is always había.

Hay alguien aquí que quiere hablar con usted · Hay dos personas aquí que hablan español

2. The mood tense for something that may not exist Rule

Combine hay with que and you are specifying something whose existence you are unsure of. That subjectivity takes the mood tense.

¿Hay alguien que hable español?
asking: mood tense
Hay dos personas que hablan español
stating: no mood tense

Somebody replying with what actually exists is simply stating a fact, so no mood tense there.

3. When "be" means "exist", it is haber Heads-up

In there has to be something, that be is not ser or estar. It comes from the invisible verb behind there is, so it is haber.

tiene que haber = there has to be

Tiene que haber algo que puedas hacer.

If you try to decide between ser and estar here, you will be a long time. Run the check instead: is this the be that means exist? Then it is haber.

4. Line or point, decided by context Concept

A good demonstration. English says there were two people that spoke Spanish with a point past, but Spanish wants the line, because being a Spanish speaker was not something true only for that moment.

Había dos personas aquí que hablaban español

Use the point, que hablaron español, and you are no longer saying they are Spanish speakers, only that they spoke Spanish at that time.

The student spots the answer from having heard Spaniards make the matching mistake in English. That is negative language transfer read in reverse, and the teacher calls it out approvingly.

5. The mood tense has structural limits Overview

Two constraints operate at once: it can only appear in certain structural positions, and only to convey certain meanings or feelings.

6. A language's value system Concept

The fact that Spanish requires you to express these feelings, and pay attention to them, says something about the language itself.

Languages, like cultures and individuals, have things they value, things they pay attention to and things they ignore. What a language obliges you to express through it is part of its value system, which is what makes something like the mood tense so interesting to observe and use.

Use of the mood tense shifts slightly between dialects, and even between individuals, which is their own idiolect. So this is not something to obsess over getting right. Listen actively, analyse, and enjoy working it out.